Millions of chickens have died and waste from pigs and coal ash has leaked into floodwaters in North Carolina as authorities work to control environmental threats and stop the spread of any contamination.
But continued high water is keeping state and federal officials from knowing the full extent of the problem.
Officials are most concerned that the coal-burning byproducts, animal waste, and even untreated human sewage in floodwaters could contaminate sources of drinking water. The Environmental Protection Agency said Monday that at least 23 public and private drinking water systems in North Carolina were not supplying water and that 21 others were operating with restrictions like a boil water advisory.
Reggie Cheatham, director of the EPA's Office of Emergency Management, said Monday that some sewage has been released into the floodwaters through sewer system manholes and, in one case, a power failure at a water treatment plant. Cheatham told reporters some of the untreated sewage had been released into the Neuse and Cape Fear rivers.
Over the weekend Duke Energy reported that about 2,000 cubic yards of coal ash, the equivalent of about 140 dump truck loads, spilled out of a pond at an inactive power plant near Wilmington, North Carolina. An EPA official said the material spilled into a ditch that fed into another pond of water but did not reach the nearby Cape Fear River.
Coal ash is a byproduct of burning coal at power plants and contains metals like mercury and arsenic and can be toxic if it spreads to nearby bodies of water.
(MORE: Florence flooding threat still real: 'Do not try to return home yet,' North Carolina governor pleads)Duke Energy spokeswoman Paige Sheehan said the company had been very aggressive in preparing its coal ash basins ahead of Hurricane Florence.
"We believe our extensive basin closure work was instrumental in positioning us to reduce the storm’s impact – water levels in many ash basins near the coast were lower as a result of our closure activity, so the basins were better able to accommodate significant rainfall," she said in a statement.
Environmental activists were also concerned that some of North Carolina's 3,000 hog farm lagoons -- pits where farmers hold pig waste to be sprayed on fields as fertilizer -- could overflow from the storm's torrential rains. As of Tuesday, the state reported that several lagoons had overflowed or filled with floodwaters, with many areas still being assessed for damage.
(MORE: Farmers furiously prep to keep pig, chicken waste out of floodwaters)North Carolina's environmental agency reported that four lagoons containing pig waste sustained structural damage and 13 had overflowed, as of Tuesday afternoon.
"We do not believe, based on on-farm assessments to date and industrywide surveying, that there are widespread impacts to the more than 2,100 farms with more than 3,000 anaerobic treatment lagoons in the state," the North Carolina Pork Council said in an update.
(MORE: Farmers furiously prep to keep pig, chicken waste out of floodwaters)As of Tuesday, while some flooding at a coal ash pond and at animal waste lagoons had been reported but EPA officials say they are still monitoring the situation to identify any broader impact on the environment.
Numerous poultry farms in the area also have been flooded, and on Monday one company Sanderson Farms said an estimated 1.7 million chickens had been killed and they are unable to get feed to 6.3 million animals at farms blocked by flooding.
Farmers worked to lower the level of hog waste lagoons and move birds out of danger last week before Florence made landfall. Decaying carcasses from chickens and pigs combined with animal waste from farms contaminated floodwaters in North Carolina after Hurricane Floyd in 1999 and Hurricane Matthew killed millions of birds and some hogs in 2016.
The North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services said Wednesday morning that more chickens have died from Hurricane Florence than in Hurricane Matthew. As of Tuesday, 3.4 million birds had died and the state veterinarian estimated 5,500 pigs also were lost. The agency was still working to bring feed and fuel to affected farms.
The numbers so far are already double the number of animals that died after Hurricane Matthew, according to The News and Observer.
The EPA also will be inspecting Superfund sites around North and South Carolina in the coming days to find out if any were damaged, possibly causing the spread of dangerous material, such as pesticides or asbestos. The agency is monitoring 48 sites in North Carolina and 36 in South Carolina. Though EPA officials said last week they don't think there was a significant likelihood hazardous substances would be released, inspectors will be assessing the impact from flooding.
The EPA also says that diesel fuel leaked from a train that derailed near Lilesville, North Carolina, because the tracks were flooded. An unknown amount of the fuel accumulated in a low-lying area and did not reach a nearby river, the agency said.
The USDA and state agencies will offer some financial assistance for farmers impacted by the storm.