Sen. JD Vance and Gov. Tim Walz both claim to be champions of gun rights for law-abiding citizens and have touted personal stories of growing up in households where firearms were commonplace, but the vice presidential candidates have vastly different views on how to curb America's gun violence epidemic.
As the Democratic National Convention begins Monday in Chicago, Vice President Kamala Harris has made gun control a top priority.
"We who believe that every person should have the freedom to live safe from the terror of gun violence, will finally pass red flag laws, universal background checks and an assault weapons ban," Harris said at her first presidential campaign rally in Milwaukee.
Harris was appointed in September 2023 by President Joe Biden to oversee the first-ever White House Office of Gun Violence Prevention.
Meanwhile, there was little acknowledgment of the nation's gun violence scourge at the Republican National Convention last month, despite GOP presidential nominee former President Donald Trump being the victim of a would-be assassin wielding an AR-15-style rifle.
In the 2024 GOP convention platform, there was no mention of firearm violence or gun control, while in 2020, the party's platform contained three paragraphs supporting reciprocity legislation allowing Americans to carry firearms in all 50 states regardless of which state they received a carry permit, and opposing an assault weapons ban, "frivolous" lawsuits against gun manufacturers and "any effort to deprive individuals of their right to keep and bear arms without due process of law."
While Harris and Trump's polarizing stances on gun control are well documented, the positions of their running mates are emerging for the first time on a national level.
Vance, the 40-year-old Ohio U.S. senator and Marine veteran, and Walz, the 60-year-old Minnesota governor and Army National Guard veteran, have portrayed themselves as strong Second Amendment advocates. But they have voiced starkly different views on gun control.
"I'm a big pro-Second Amendment guy and I know a lot of people who will strongly, stridently defend the Second Amendment. None of them think convicted felons, who have been afforded their due process rights should be able to buy firearms and then kill people," Vance said during a June 2022 U.S. Senate election debate against his Democratic opponent, former Ohio Rep. Tim Ryan.
In a 2022 federal candidate survey for the Ohio Gun Owners and the American Firearms Association, Vance said he opposes "red flag" gun laws, legislation to ban certain semiautomatic rifles, including AR-15s; supports abolishing the federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) and establishing a national stand-your-ground law giving individuals the right to use reasonable force, including deadly force, to protect themselves.
"While most congressional Democrats have jumped on the gun control train with both feet, Tim Walz and a few others have stuck to their guns," Guns & Ammo wrote.
But Walz said his NRA rating fell to an F-rating when his stance on gun control dramatically changed following the Feb. 14, 2018, mass shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, that left 15 students and two adults, including a football coach, dead.
"My job today is to be dad to a 17-year-old daughter," Walz said during a 2018 community meeting in Minnesota while running for governor in the aftermath of the Parkland massacre. "Hope woke up as many of you did five weeks ago and said, 'Dad, you're the only person I know who's in elected office. You need to stop what's happening with this.'"
In an editorial he wrote that was published in the Minneapolis Star Tribune in February 2018 -- which was titled "Tim Walz: Please understand my full record on guns'' -- Walz explained how the Parkland shooting forced him to reevaluate his positions on gun control.
"We all put ourselves in the place of a loved one or someone who faced that terror. It hits me as the dad of a fifth-grader and a high-school student. It hits me as a former high school geography teacher and football coach, when I think about the geography teacher and the coach at that school who gave their lives so that their students could keep theirs."
Walz said he donated the $18,000 campaign contribution he received in his 2018 gubernatorial run from the NRA, to a charity that helps families of military personnel killed or injured while serving and came out in favor of an assault weapons ban.
In a Star Tribune editorial, he also said that during his time in Congress, he supported "common-sense" gun-control reform laws, repeatedly voted in favor of universal background checks and preventing people on no-fly lists from purchasing firearms. He also said he supported legislation to fund gun violence research by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was a co-sponsor of a bill to ban bump stocks and voted against concealed-carry reciprocity.
Walz also confronted the NRA, writing in the editorial that the organization is "the biggest single obstacle to passing the most basic measures to prevent gun violence in America -- including common-sense solutions that the majority of NRA members support."
As governor, Walz signed in May 2023 a historic suite of gun-safety measures that created red flag laws, extended the waiting period for gun transfers between parties from 7 to 10 days and expanded background checks to include private purchases between individuals, including those made at gun shows. The laws also require anyone buying a pistol or "semiautomatic military-style assault weapons" to apply for a permit to purchase or carry such guns from their local police agency or sheriff's department.
"As a veteran, gun-owner, hunter, and dad, I know basic gun safety isn't a threat to the Second Amendment -- it's about keeping our kids safe," Walz said during a ceremony to sign the gun legislation. "There's no place for weapons of war in our schools, churches, banks, or anywhere else people are just trying to live their lives. Today is about taking meaningful action to create a safer future for our kids, and I am proud to sign this commonsense, life-saving legislation into law."
Timberlyn Mazeikis, who endured a Feb. 13, 2023, mass shooting at Michigan State University that left three of her classmates dead and five others injured, told ABC News that for her and many other Gen Z members the choice in this election "is simple."
"Gun violence is the leading cause of death in our generation, and for a lot of us, we can no longer sit by and continue to watch this happen and just wait for the next massacre to occur. Because of that, we are showing up to vote," said 21-year-old Mazeikis, now a senior at the University of Minnesota Twin Cities.
Mazeikis, who will be voting in her first presidential election in November, said the MSU mass shooting "took a toll on me" as she recounted being barricaded in the school gym for hours, terrified that the shooter would burst through the doors at any minute.
After the shooting, she became a volunteer leader for Students Demand Action, an organization that fights for gun control legislation.
"I felt that I could no longer sit back and watch as further communities were destroyed by gun violence," Mazeikis said. "And that experience of being on campus and the fear that I felt that day and losing my classmates and my sense of security has really worked as a catalyst to push me in this movement and to realize that we can no longer live this way."
She said that while she views Trump and Vance as a "gun extremist dream ticket," she said Harris and Walz have given her "hope."
"The choice is simple. Our lives are on the line," Mazeikis said. "We either go back with Trump and Vance or we go forward with Harris and Walz."
Mazeikis also said Walz's transformation from a strong pro-gun politician into one who now favors sensible gun regulations doesn't concern her, saying, "his stance on gun violence prevention is one of strength and one of courage to change."
"He is living proof that the gun lobby and the gun industry are lying to us, that you can be a responsible gun owner and still want to keep your community safe and believe in gun safety," Mazeikis said.
However, Rob Doar, vice president of the Minnesota Gun Owners Caucus -- the largest gun rights group in Minnesota with more than 10,000 dues-paying members -- told ABC News that he's been following Walz's policies and actions on guns for about a decade and was surprised he was picked to be Harris' running mate.
MORE: US surpasses 400 mass shootings so far in 2023: National gun violence website"Initially, my thought was that it was not a good pick if the goal of the campaign was to try to appeal to maybe disaffected Republicans and moderates, just because he has had some flip-flopping on contentious issues like firearms," Doar said. "But then as I saw more of the campaign strategy roll out, it seems like the goal has been to more highlight him as an example of what progressive leaders can do. In that vein, I think that he's probably serving the campaign very well, given the high number of progressive policies that Minnesota's passed recently."
Doar said his organization does not endorse presidential candidates and noted that his members don't necessarily like Trump.
MORE: US stats show violent crime dramatically falling, so why is there a rising clash with perception?"I think both tickets have problematic histories as far as a Second Amendment standpoint goes. Donald Trump was a huge advocate for the bump stock ban. Donald Trump made quotes like, 'to take the guns first and then get due process second,' and he's made some other statements that have been fairly anti-Second Amendment," Doar said. "On the other hand, you've got Kamala Harris, who is talking about, initially, mandatory gun buybacks for certain types of firearms. She has walked that back a little bit, but I think both tickets, as far as somebody who looks at the Second Amendment as their primary issue at the polls, have some problems."
He said Vance's "posturing" on gun rights is something a lot of Second Amendment supporters like.
"But these are the same kind of things that we heard out of Tim Walz when he was a representative in the first district [of Minnesota]," Doar said. "Unfortunately, JD Vance just doesn't have the longevity of a political career to be able to back up the words that he's saying, but I do think the way that he's positioning himself is a way that might appeal to those who value the Second Amendment when they go to the polls."
He said many of his group's members have expressed concern about keeping the current conservative majority of the Supreme Court intact.
"I do hear a lot from our members that they don't like Trump, but the sole reason they're voting for him is because of the Supreme Court and for federal judicial nominations. So that's not an unpopular sentiment among gun rights advocates," Doar said. "I do think that the general consensus is that Trump would be much more favorable from a Second Amendment jurisprudence standpoint in his judicial appointments."